Below is a list of various sporting activities listing the most common muscles used and a possible cause of injury, due to the actions involved.

Baseball:

Muscles: Pectoralis muscles, latissimus dorsi, rotator cuff, quadratus lumborum.

Causes: Shoulder alignment is important for throwing.  The shoulder, chest, and back muscles are often affected.  Quadriceps and Hamstrings can become tight from quick starts running to a base or while fielding.

Basketball: 

Muscles: Deltoids, hamstrings, and iliotibial bands, groin and adductors, calves, and achilles tendons.

Causes: Knees affected with jumping and landing. Quick starts, sudden stops and movement side to side may cause additional stress on inner thighs, knees and ankles. 

Cycling: 

Muscles: Posterior/anterior neck, shoulders, pectoralis, trapezius, arms, wrists, hands from weight bearing on handle bars, iliopsoas (low back), quadriceps, hamstrings, gluteals, gastrocnemius.

Cause: Watch for overuse of hamstrings as they are in a constant shortened position. Wrist strain may occur from clenched fists and flexor contraction. Neck pain from hyper-extension in the cervical vertebrae.

Golf:

Muscles: Deltoids, rotator cuff muscles, quadratus lumborum, deep torso rotator muscles, and psoas

Causes: Torching and twisting with the added leverage of a club may cause additional pain/discomfort to individuals with chronic lower back pain, some kinds of shoulder injuries and spinal problems.  Certain types of arthritis may also flare up with participation.

Rock Climbing:

Muscles: Forearm flexor and extensors, hand and wrist, teres major/minor deltoids, quadriceps, gastrocnemius (calves).

Causes:  Constant gripping of holds working fingers, forearms, upper arms.  Shifting body weight from one position to another with force coming from legs.

Running/Jogging:

Long distance:

Muscles: Piriformis, gluteals, iliopsoas, abdominals, shoulders, and teres major/minor. Hamstrings, quadriceps, adductors, gastrocnemius (calves), knees, tibialis anterior, plantar fascia,

Cause: Distance running stresses the joints because of the repetitive pounding and jarring of the hips, knees, ankles and feet.  The balance of the foot can help determine areas of stress (pronation or supination can occur due to imbalances in the hip and psoas).  Shin splints may also occur due to over developed calf muscles.

Sprinters:

Muscles: Iliopsoas, hamstrings, piriformis, quadratus lumborum, gastrocnemius (calves), and anterior tibialis.

Cause: Short bursts of speed require strength with higher leg lift and faster cycles of leg turnover. Running on the toes puts excess strain on the lower legs (running one way on the track around curves put strain on the inside hip and leg). Neck strain, groin injuries, and hamstring injuries can occur during starts off the blocks.

Skiing:
    
Cross-Country :

Muscles: Deltoids, forearms, abdominals, gluteals, quadriceps, and iliopsoas.

Causes: Excessive repetitive motion in shoulders and hips, with constant flexion in hips.  Some pain from clenching poles.

Downhill: 

Muscles: Neck, deltoids, quadriceps, iliotibial bands, and psoas, gluteals, gastrocnemius (calves).

Causes: With the body in constant isometric contraction tension is put on the neck, upper/lower back, and legs.  Some tension may occur in the knees with side to side motion.

Soccer:

Muscles:  Gluteals, adductors, hamstrings, gastrocnemius (calves),  achilles tendon,
and tibialis anterior.

Causes: Knee strain can occur with the torching and twisting motion from running and kicking. Running with short bursts of speed and quick stops can cause muscle strain, putting stress on hips, groin, leg, knees and ankles.

Tennis/Raquetball/Handball: 

Muscles: Wrist flexors/extensors, pain at elbow joint and tension in deltoids, trapezius and low back, gluteals and adductors.

Causes: Stress in the forearm and elbow caused by excessive gripping of a racquet or improper posture or technique.  Knees and hips are usually overworked with repetitive side to side movements.

Weight Lifting: 

Muscles: Total body stress.

Cause: Excessive abdominal exercises can lead to imbalances in the psoas, back problems may occur.  Strains occur when improper technique is used or lifting too much before the Muscles tissues are strong enough.  One side is often weaker than the other which is reinforced with the lifting.  It is necessary to work all areas to build balance as injuries are usually due to imbalances in the muscle.